Among the finest methods to start out a brand new enterprise is by capitalizing on a franchise alternative. Not solely do franchise alternatives include premade advertising collateral and excessive model consciousness, however you get intensive enterprise assist from the franchiser.
Let’s check out the definition of a franchise, the essential standards for evaluating a possibility, and the most effective franchises to personal this 12 months.
We’ll cowl:
Let’s get began.
What’s a franchise?
A franchise is a enterprise through which impartial entrepreneurs use the rights to a bigger firm’s enterprise identify, emblem, and merchandise to function a person location. The franchiser is the proprietor of the bigger firm who sells the rights to license their enterprise, and the franchisee is the third-party proprietor and operator of the enterprise areas.
When was the final time you made a quick meals cease or bought a cup of espresso earlier than work? If the model is recognizable and has a number of areas all through your metropolis or city, like McDonald’s or Dunkin’, it is fairly attainable your favourite meals joint is a franchise.
In actual fact, the US Census reviews that 11.4% of all companies within the US are franchises. Whereas eating places make up the majority of franchise alternatives, gasoline and comfort shops, automotive dealerships, health, actual property, and hospitality sectors additionally make up a large chunk.
However which franchises are finest suited to your funds and talent set? Let’s check out how one can consider a franchising alternative.
Learn how to Consider a Franchise Alternative
No franchise is one-size-fits-all. Entrepreneurs who wish to open a franchise should take note of their budgetary constraints and the franchiser’s assist system in the course of the analysis section.
Listed below are just a few standards that it is best to take into account.
Franchise Charges and Set-Up Prices
Each franchisor requires an upfront payment. This could vary from a whole bunch to a whole bunch of hundreds of {dollars}.
Ideally, the franchise payment could be paid out-of-pocket (although some franchisers provide financing choices). Both manner, we suggest having a minimum of $10,000 to speculate up-front.
Profitability
Whenever you’re evaluating a enterprise funding, it is vital to know if the chance is definitely worth the cash.
Figuring out the profitability of a franchise is not an actual science, however there are just a few components to think about, together with the unit development, new franchisee success price, and the franchiser’s monetary statements.
Help Programs for Franchisees
When choosing a franchiser, check out the assist programs they’ve put in place to make sure their new location is successful.
7Eleven, for instance, flies accepted franchisees to their assist middle in Dallas for coaching. In addition they have a useful resource middle with seminars and occasions. Not all franchisers, particularly small ones, may have intensive assets like 7Eleven, however be certain that they provide primary coaching.
Time Dedication
Working a franchise might be a decades-long dedication, ideally longer — you’ll be able to’t function a retailer and depart after a 12 months. The franchise time period for McDonald’s, for instance, is 20 years.
Ensure that you’re ready to stay round for some time with out pursuing different time-consuming commitments (equivalent to a further profession). For those who really feel that you just’ll wish to depart in lower than ten years, you’ll want to select a model whose franchises are simpler to promote.
Accessible Territories
Most, if not all, franchisers wish to develop in a specific geographical space. It wouldn’t be worthwhile, for instance, to open a brand new location simply miles from one other, or in an space the place there’s no demand.
Make sure you test whether or not your goal franchiser desires to open a location in your space. If not, determine whether or not you’re keen to relocate.
Model Recognition or Development
How recognizable is the model that you just’ll be franchising? If it’s a smaller model, has it seen vital development up to now 12 months?
These two traits will decide whether or not it will likely be worthwhile to function a franchise for a potential model. Generally, going for an enormous, extremely recognizable model isn’t splendid, as a result of up-front prices are vital.
A smaller franchiser may very well be a better entry level — as long as the corporate has been rising in income.
Now that you understand how to guage a possibility, let’s check out our record of the most effective franchise alternatives to pick from. All through the pandemic, these franchisers have both seen development or little or no stagnation, making them the most effective franchises to personal.
Finest Franchises to Purchase
- McDonald’s
- 7-Eleven
- Dunkin’
- The usStore
- Popeyes
- Sonic Drive-In
- Nice Clips
- Taco Bell
- Kumon Math & Studying Facilities
- Sport Clips
- Anytime Health
- Ace {Hardware}
Let’s check out a few of these franchises and see how they stack up. I will evaluation what every franchise requires by way of the franchise payment and the preliminary funding you will must make.
A franchise payment is a value a possible franchisee pays up entrance to function the franchise. And the preliminary funding quantity consists of bills equivalent to royalty charges, actual property, and stock prices.
Let’s check out a few of these franchises and see how they stack up. I will evaluation what every franchise requires by way of the franchise payment and the preliminary funding you will must make.
Every alternative may have the next data:
- Class: That is the enterprise or {industry} class for the franchise.
- Franchise payment: A franchise payment is a value a possible franchisee pays up-front to function the franchise.
- Preliminary funding: The preliminary funding quantity consists of bills equivalent to royalty charges, actual property, and stock prices.
- Financing accessible: It will inform you whether or not financing is obtainable for preliminary investments.
- Franchise particulars: This can be a hyperlink that can result in the franchising web page for the enterprise.
1. McDonald’s
Class: Quick-Meals Franchise
Franchise payment: $45,000
Preliminary funding: $1,008,000 to $2,214,080
Liquid money requirement: $500,000 minimal
Royalty payment: 4-5%
Financing accessible: Sure, by way of third-party lenders
Franchise particulars: McDonald’s
If you need golden arches of your personal, you will must put in a hefty preliminary funding. However with that funding, you get model recognition, recognition, and years of expertise within the fast-food {industry}.
2. 7-Eleven
Class: Retail Franchise
Franchise payment: $10,000 to $1,000,000
Preliminary funding: $37,550 to $1,149,900
Liquid money requirement: $50,000 – $150,000
Royalty payment: Varies
Financing accessible: Sure, by way of 7-Eleven’s inside program
Franchise particulars: 7-Eleven
Because the #1 comfort retailer, 7-Eleven is seeing unprecedented development. Its shops are turnkey and you will get began inside three to 6 months, together with software, testing, and coaching.
3. Dunkin’
Class: Meals & Drink Franchise
Franchise payment: $40,000 to $90,000
Preliminary funding: $109,700 to $1,637,700
Liquid money requirement: $125,000 to $250,000
Royalty payment: 5%
Financing accessible: Sure, by way of third-party lenders
Franchise particulars: Dunkin’
Dunkin’ dropped the “Donuts” from its identify, however this enterprise is as recognizable as ever with areas in 32 nations. It was rated #1 in buyer loyalty by Model Keys’ Buyer Loyalty Engagement Index. And so they assist their franchisees with coaching and help with web site choice, development, operations, administration, and advertising.
4. The usStore
Class: Printing and Packing Franchise
Franchise payment: $29,950
Preliminary funding: $138,433 to $460,031
Liquid money requirement: $75,000 minimal
Royalty payment: 5%
Financing accessible: Sure, by way of Guidant Monetary
Franchise particulars: The usStore
The usStore is the top-ranked franchise within the enterprise providers {industry}. It boasts monetary stability, model recognition, and devoted coaching and assist — and 84% of the U.S. inhabitants lives inside 10 miles of a UPS Retailer.
5. Popeyes
Class: Quick-Meals Franchise
Franchise payment: $50,000
Preliminary funding: $383,500 and $2,620,800
Liquid money requirement: $500,000 minimal
Royalty payment: 5%
Financing accessible: No
Franchise particulars: Popeyes
Popeyes is persistently one of many prime franchises to personal in Entrepreneur’s Franchise 500 Rankings. It is a well-known fast-food model with a worldwide presence, sturdy promoting methods, and well-developed core philosophies.
6. Sonic Drive-In
Class: Quick-Meals Franchise
Franchise payment: $45,000
Preliminary funding: $1,240,000 to $3,540,000
Liquid money requirement: $500,000 minimal
Royalty payment: 2.5-5%
Financing accessible: No
Franchise particulars: Sonic Drive-In
This drive-in chain prides itself on its operational excellence and customer support. This model retains rising — its franchise house owners noticed $1,341,000 in common product sales.
7. Nice Clips
Class: Hair Salon Franchise
Franchise payment: $20,000
Preliminary funding: $136,900 to $259,400
Liquid money requirement: $50,000 minimal
Royalty payment: 6%
Financing accessible: Sure, by way of third-party lenders
Franchise particulars: Nice Clips
Nice Clips has been in enterprise for 30 years and gives its franchise house owners with up-to-date know-how and coaching. It has invested closely in market analysis to supply clients with the most effective service and expertise.
8. Taco Bell
Class: Quick-Meals Franchise
Franchise payment: $25,000 to $45,000
Preliminary funding: $525,100 to $2,622,400
Liquid money requirement: $750,000 minimal
Royalty payment: 5.5%
Financing accessible: Sure, by way of third-party lenders
Franchise particulars: Taco Bell
This quick-service restaurant model has been round for 50 years and has developed monetary stability and model recognition. It has a confirmed working system and offers you entry to restaurant assets and a group of greater than 350 franchisees who know the enterprise.
9. Kumon Math & Studying Facilities
Class: Kids’s Training Franchise
Franchise payment: $1,000
Preliminary funding: $74,428 – $156,590
Liquid money requirement: $70,000 minimal
Royalty payment: Varies
Financing accessible: No, however Kumon will cowl as much as $36,000 of your online business bills
Franchise particulars: Kumon
Kumon is ranked persistently within the prime 10 of Entrepreneur’s Franchise 500 record. This is a perfect franchise to purchase due to its low payment and potential for prime profitability in a time of distant studying.
10. Sport Clips
Class: Hair Salon Franchise
Franchise payment: $59,500
Preliminary funding: $224,800 to $373,300
Liquid money requirement: $200,000 minimal
Royalty payment: 6%
Financing accessible: Sure, by way of third-party lenders
Franchise particulars: Sport Clips
Sport Clips is rising and displaying its power and stability — it has a excessive continuity price of 95.4% over the previous 5 years. Which means out of all of the shops that opened all through the final 5 years, greater than 95.4% of them are open at present. It attributes this stability to comparatively low startup prices, stable assist programs, and continuous monitoring of retailer efficiency.
11. Anytime Health
Class: Health club
Franchise payment: $35,000
Preliminary funding: $105,000 to $720,000
Liquid money requirement: $100,000 minimal
Royalty payment: $549 per 30 days
Financing accessible: Sure, by way of third-party lenders
Franchise particulars: Anytime Health
Anytime Health is without doubt one of the strongest performing health franchises on the market at present. With over 4 million members world extensive, Anytime Health’ model recognition is excessive, however working prices are low.
12. Ace {Hardware}
Class: Dwelling enchancment
Franchise payment: $5,000
Preliminary funding: $280,000 to $2,000,000
Liquid money requirement: $250,000
Financing accessible: Sure
Franchise particulars: My Ace
Ace {Hardware} exudes an area really feel, which starkly contrasts the big-box house enchancment shops like Dwelling Depot and Lowe’s. This franchise prides itself on stellar customer support and store-brand merchandise.
Low-Value/Low-cost Franchises
The preliminary funding in a franchise may be expensive, and vary wherever from just a few thousand {dollars} to over 1,000,000. For those who’re seeking to buy a franchise at a cheaper price level, there are alternatives for you in a wide range of industries.
1. Cruise Planners
Class: Journey Franchise
Franchise payment: $6,995
Preliminary funding: $2,095 to $22,867
Liquid money requirement: $11,000
Royalty payment: 1.5-3%
Financing accessible: Sure, by way of third-party lenders
Franchise particulars: Cruise Planners
Cruise Planners is a cruise planning company. It is home-based, so that you needn’t consider the price of actual property. Prior expertise in journey planning isn’t required, and the corporate affords complete coaching.
2. SuperGlass Windshield Restore
Class: Car Upkeep Franchise
Franchise payment: $9,500 to $28,500
Preliminary funding: $9,910 to $31,000
Liquid money requirement: $15,000
Royalty payment: 4%
Financing accessible: No
Franchise particulars: SuperGlass Windshield Restore
SuperGlass Windshield Restore has been working for 30 years and specializes within the restore of rock broken and cracked windshields. Overhead prices may be saved low on account of its cell possibility — a bodily store location isn’t required. It additionally affords classroom and on-the-job coaching,
3. JAN-PRO
Class: Cleansing and Upkeep Franchise
Franchise payment: $2,520 to $44,000
Preliminary funding: $3,985 to $51,605
Liquid money requirement: $150,000
Royalty payment: 10%
Financing accessible: Sure
Franchise particulars: JAN-PRO
JAN-PRO is a industrial cleansing franchise whose clientele is different companies. They provide three choices for franchising: worldwide grasp franchise, govt enterprise, and home-based alternatives.
4. Jazzercise
Class: Group Health Franchise
Franchise payment: $1,250
Preliminary funding: $2,500 to $38,000
Liquid money requirement: $2,900
Royalty payment: Varies
Financing accessible: No
Franchise particulars: Jazzercise
For those who’re seeking to begin a low-investment, train enterprise, a Jazzercise franchise could be a great match for you. It affords numerous worth factors to start a franchise and you will discover the one which aligns along with your funds.
5. Dream Holidays
Class: Journey Franchise
Franchise payment: $495 to $9,800
Preliminary funding: $3,245 to $21,850
Liquid money requirement: $9,800
Royalty payment: 1.5-3%
Financing accessible: Sure, by way of their inside financing system
Franchise particulars: Dream Holidays
Dream Holidays is a home-based journey company franchise with no overhead or stock — this retains the price of preliminary funding low. It is an excellent possibility for army veterans and affords discounted funding costs.
Finest Franchises to Open and Personal
- Freddy’s Frozen Custard and Steakburgers
- Culver’s Butterburgers and Frozen Custard
- Planet Health
- Membership Pilates
- Nothing Bundt Muffins
- Pure Barre
- uBreakiFix
- Soccer Pictures
- Mathnasium
- Kona Ice
Some corporations have seen unprecedented development or are notably pushed to develop. They’re actively in search of new alternatives as a result of they’re nonetheless within the preliminary levels of increasing their attain.
These are prime alternatives for potential franchisees. You may make the most of a rising identify within the enterprise whereas being the explanation the identify grows and turns into extra authoritative.
Under are our prime picks for the best-growing franchises to purchase. On this record, we’ll check out the preliminary funding, the franchise’s development price over the previous three years, and the variety of franchise areas, or franchise items.
1. Freddy’s Frozen Custard and Steakburgers
Preliminary funding: $640,552 – $2,077,046
Three-year development price: 44.6%
Whole franchise items: 386
This fast-casual restaurant is thought for its burgers and freshly-churned custard. After your preliminary funding, you’ll be able to count on your restaurant to open in eight to 18 months, relying on location and whether or not you are shopping for or leasing property.
2. Culver’s Butterburgers and Frozen Custard
Preliminary funding: $2,349,000 – $5,356,000
Three-year development price: 21.2%
Whole franchise items: 765
Based in 1984, Culver’s has been a well-recognized identify within the burger and custard enterprise. It is a prime franchise and affords a longtime working system with over 35 years of expertise.
3. Planet Health
Preliminary funding: $968,100 – $4,113,000
Three-year development price: 45.9%
Whole franchise items: 2,059
Planet Health is thought for its Judgment Free Zone® philosophy — making first-time fitness center customers really feel snug as they start their health journeys. This fitness center has over 14 million members and franchisees have a median annual working earnings of $567,000.
4. Membership Pilates
Preliminary funding: $178,000 – $365,200
Three-year development price: 192.6%
Whole franchise items: 597
Membership Pilates is without doubt one of the prime pilates franchises in america. Based in 2007, this group health franchise carries out as much as 8 million pilates exercises a 12 months.
5. Nothing Bundt Muffins
Preliminary funding: $430,200 – $624,300
Three-year development price: 60.6%
Whole franchise items: 355
This bakery is exclusive as a result of, regardless of being a franchise, it has a “Mother and Pop store” really feel. There are areas throughout america, and its truffles have been featured in well-liked media retailers like Meals and Wine Journal, Meals Community “Unwrapped”, and Franchise Occasions.
6. Pure Barre
Preliminary funding: $204,100 – $461,700
Three-year development price: 20.6%
Whole franchise items: 563
Pure Barre is a well-liked, boutique health model with practically 600,000 shoppers. The enterprise affords a number of income streams: bar lessons and activewear. And it gives assist and coaching for actual property, operations, consulting, advertising, and extra.
7. uBreakiFix
Preliminary funding: $98,350 – $303,000
Three-year development price: 14.8%
Whole franchise items: 585
uBreakiFix focuses on repairs of all forms of electronics — from computer systems to TVs to gaming consoles. The rise of distant work and in-home leisure makes this an excellent contender for this 12 months.
8. Soccer Pictures
Preliminary funding: $41,034 – $55,100
Three-year development price: 26.7%
Whole franchise items: 242
Soccer Pictures is a youngsters’s soccer program with a concentrate on character improvement. It has a low overhead price, helps its franchisees, and has well-established relationships with nationwide manufacturers like Adidas and the U.S. Soccer Basis.
9. Mathnasium
Preliminary funding: $112,750 – $149,110
Three-year development price: 26.1%
Whole franchise items: 1,074
This math studying middle opened in 2002, and its mission is to “assist each baby perceive — and grasp — math.” Mathnasium has earned many accolades, and over the previous 4 years, its average-per-unit product sales grew 10% yearly.
10. Kona Ice
Preliminary funding: $145,600 – $169,200
Three-year development price: 43.7%
Whole franchise items: 1,305
Kona Ice, a vendor of shaved ice, affords the advantage of having comparatively low preliminary prices whereas nonetheless having stable model recognition. Every franchise is operated out of a truck, that means that you just gained’t spend cash on land or actual property. The very best half? You may open a Kona Ice location in lower than two months.
Subsequent, we curate probably the most worthwhile franchises total — taken from each our record and lists across the net.
Most Worthwhile Franchises
- Dunkin’
- 7-Eleven
- Planet Health
- JAN-PRO
- Taco Bell
- Orangetheory Health
- Nice Clips
- Mac Instruments
- Cruise Planners
- Jazzercise
- McDonald’s
- Mathnasium
- Jimmy John’s Gourmand Sandwiches
- Papa John’s
- Anytime Health
The franchises listed above are seeing the most important development in franchise areas over the previous 12 months, which is without doubt one of the key indicators of profitability.
Feeling overwhelmed? Unsure how one can get began? Learn our information on how one can change into an entrepreneur to get the fundamentals down earlier than buying a franchise.
Why personal a franchise?
Proudly owning a franchise has numerous advantages. You may revenue from the franchiser’s recognizable model whereas basically operating your personal operation. Probably the most worthwhile franchises hardly ever fail, eradicating the dangers sometimes related to opening a brand-new enterprise.
Let’s dive into the advantages you’ll get pleasure from after investing in a franchise alternative.
1. Franchises are already well-known of their market.
One of many largest challenges of launching a startup is creating sufficient model consciousness to draw and convert clients.
As a result of most franchises have been working for just a few years at minimal, they’ve generated sufficient consciousness to your first buyer to stroll in inside days of opening your doorways. The model may be acknowledged instantly.
If it’s not, then potential clients want solely lookup the identify of your online business, and all of the areas will present up. This demonstrates to potential consumers that the model is confirmed and respected. Give it some thought: Would you go to an unknown store or a store that has a number of areas? Probably the latter.
2. You see higher earnings as a franchise proprietor.
As a result of franchisers have already established a number of companies and have generated model consciousness, you should have a higher potential for earnings than in the event you had been to function an impartial enterprise.
That does come at a premium price, equivalent to franchise charges and ongoing royalties paid out to the franchisers. Nevertheless, you will notice a excessive return-on-investment as soon as new clients start strolling in nearly instantly after opening the placement.
3. You get the coaching that you must function the franchise.
Don’t have industry-specific expertise? Excellent news: You don’t want any. You merely should be accessible for the corporate’s coaching schedule to discover ways to function your brand-new franchise location.
Franchisers don’t count on you to have particular expertise within the area. As an illustration, in the event you’re contemplating opening a Kumon location, Kumon gained’t require you to have a Grasp of Arts in educating. All you want is to be proficient in math and studying and be keen to work with youngsters.
4. You’ll obtain in-person assist and help.
Most franchisers have area representatives that go to independently-owned areas to make sure operations are progressing easily. Even when the franchiser doesn’t provide an in-person go to, you should have a robust assist group out of your fellow franchisees. You may go to networking occasions (or create your personal) to search out new methods to market your location, rent extra assist, and entice extra clients.
5. Franchises provide decrease dangers.
All of those advantages conspire to make franchises lower-risk enterprise ventures. Positive, there’s all the time a possible to your franchise location to fail, however this danger is way, a lot smaller in comparison with the danger you face when opening your personal enterprise.
If issues go awry, you’ll be able to promote the franchise location to a different individual. In any case, the model identify remains to be useful. Simply because you’ll be able to’t afford to function that location doesn’t imply one other individual can’t.
Franchise Drawbacks
1. Franchises can have excessive upfront prices.
Preliminary funding prices in a franchise may be expensive, particularly in case you are shopping for a well known worthwhile enterprise like Dunkin’ or McDonalds. For smaller franchises, you’ll nonetheless should shell out hundreds up entrance.
Whereas shopping for right into a profitable franchise comes with many advantages — together with a built-in buyer base, the preliminary lump sum wanted to get began may be prohibitive for some.
2. Franchises might have extra restrictive laws or pointers.
Not like beginning your personal enterprise from scratch, franchises include an inventory of pointers franchisees should comply with. These phrases and pointers may be present in your franchise settlement.
The franchisor might dictate:
- Pricing
- Merchandise
- Tools
- Enterprise hours
- Decor and signage
- Advertising
- Location
These pointers are supposed to create uniformity so that every franchise is similar at each location.
3. The franchisor might oversee your online business’ funds.
Along with dictating how your online business runs, franchises additionally lack autonomy with regards to funds. Your franchisor will most definitely management all points of the franchise’s monetary dealings. Be ready to routinely submit monetary statements equivalent to your steadiness sheet and earnings statements.
4. Franchises typically require further ongoing charges and bills.
Along with startup prices, franchise house owners ought to funds funds for reinvestment within the enterprise and different charges stipulated by the franchisor. These further prices can come within the type of coaching charges, royalty charges or different providers like promoting.
Whereas proudly owning a franchise affords vital advantages, it does come at a excessive price. Learn on to study how one can afford a franchise.
Learn how to Afford Your Franchise
Opening up a brand new location of a franchise is expensive. You’ll must not solely cowl the franchise payment, however have hundreds of {dollars} in liquid belongings.
First up, just be sure you have a ok credit score rating to qualify for loans. Having a financial savings account can be important. Remember the fact that some franchisers might require you to pay for the up-front payment and not using a mortgage. For that purpose, it is best to take into account franchises that accommodate your distinctive monetary scenario.
Listed below are just a few of your funding choices:
1. Small Enterprise Loans
Small enterprise loans are a superb possibility for masking your franchise payment and up-front investments. Relying in your financials and your lender, you’ll be able to qualify for a whole bunch of hundreds of {dollars}, which can greater than cowl you in the course of the setup section.
2. Small Enterprise Grants
Small enterprise grants are one other avenue to think about, with a minor caveat: Most grant issuing authorities search for impartial startup house owners, not for franchise house owners. For that purpose, you’ll wish to parse fastidiously by way of the choices.
For those who determine as BIPOC, you too can take into account small enterprise grants particularly for minorities.
3. Microlending
Microlending is one other nice franchise funding possibility. For those who don’t have sufficient capital to qualify for greater loans, you should utilize a micro-loan. These loans sometimes quantity to lower than $50,000 and are finest for you in the event you’re planning to open up a location for a low-cost franchise. Ideally, you’ll additionally produce other sources of funding, equivalent to buyers and family and friends, to cowl the up-front franchise prices.
4. Buyers
Simply as in the event you had been launching your personal startup, you’ll be able to and will search for buyers to your new franchise location. You also needs to distribute fairness in accordance with your buyers’ preliminary funding.
Earlier than in search of buyers, evaluation the franchise settlement to make sure you’re not violating the phrases of your franchisor-franchisee partnership. Some franchisers might not mean you can search particular person buyers due to the phrases. It additionally could also be overly sophisticated to account for franchise royalties, investor fairness, worker payouts, advertising charges, and operational prices when calculating your internet earnings.
5. Pals and Household
One in every of your finest choices for funding? Your very personal family and friends. As talked about, opening a franchise location requires a hefty funding. Even when your family and friends chip in at $100 a chunk, you’ll be a lot nearer to affording your franchise than you had been yesterday. As well as, your family and friends may be a superb supply of recent enterprise when you open your doorways.
Change into an Entrepreneur by Shopping for a Franchise
You may change into an entrepreneur by beginning your personal enterprise — or by shopping for a franchise from a significant model. Make the most of a longtime model identify whereas having fun with the perks of operating your personal operation. Franchises may be extremely worthwhile to personal, particularly once you create a robust marketing strategy that helps your earnings develop.
Editor’s word: This put up was initially printed in October 2020 and has been up to date for comprehensiveness.